Definition: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition in which inflammation of the lungs and accumulation of fluid in the air sacs (alveoli) leads to low blood oxygen levels. While it shares some similarities with infant respiratory distress syndrome, its causes and treatments are different. ARDS is a syndrome, not a specific disease. [...]

Definition The term ‘peptic ulcer’ refers to an ulcer in the lower esophagus, stomach or duodenum, in the jejunum after surgical anastomosis to the stomach or rarely, in the ileum anastomosis to a Meckle’s diverticulum. Ulcers in the stomach or duodenum may be acute or chronic; both penetrate the muscularis mucosae but the acute ulcer [...]

WHAT IS SLEEPING ? Sleep is a –condition which decrease the homeostatic processes ,than waking which is defined as unconsciousness from which can be aroused by sensory or other stimuli.it is to be distinguished from coma3 sleep is a fundamental, complex and essential behavior . Sleep differs from hibernation in that it occurs daily rather [...]

Introduction Haemolytic disease of new born (HDN) occurs when an Rh negative mother has a baby with an Rh positive farther. When the baby’s Rh factor is positive, HDN develops. Haemolytic disease of new born is also called as erythroblastosis fetalis. It was first described in 1609 in a set of twins by French a [...]

When dyes that bind to proteins in the plasma are injected they stain many tissues, but spare most of the brain. It was this observation made many years ago, that led to concept of blood brain barrier. The concept of blood brain barrier was introduced by Paul Ehrlich.1 The blood–brain barrier is specialized system of [...]

Caffeine Caffeine is a member of the alkaloid family whose molecules consist of nitrogen-containing rings. Caffeine (molecular formula is C8H10N4O2.H2O) is the common name for trimethylxanthine. Caffeine’s systematic name is 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine or 3,7-dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione. [1, 2] The molecule was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Ferdinand Runge in 1819. Caffeine is also called guaranine when [...]

Micro-organisms are organisms which are so small that they can only with the use of a microscope. They include bacteria, virus, fungi and protocitists such as protozoa and microscopic algi. Micro-organism can be found in every ecosystem and in close association with every type of multicultural organism. Billions of micro-organism can be found in healthy [...]

WHAT IS DEPRESSION Depression is a “whole-body” illness, involving our body, mood, and thoughts. It affects the way you eat and sleep, the way you feel about yourself, and the way you think about things. A depressive disorder is not the same as a passing blue mood. It is not a sign of personal weakness [...]

Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been among very common clinical conditions and at present millions of people throughout the world have become victims of it. DM is a syndrome of chronic hyperglycaemia due to relative insulin deficiency, resistance or both1.Due to the irreversible nature of DM, although patients can have a reasonably normal lifestyle, its late [...]

Adrenal insufficiency is decreased production of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which are the main adrenocorticol hormones.Clinical features and pathogenesis of adrenal insufficiency was first described by Thomas Addison 120 years ago.11 Adrenal gland can be divided in to outer cortex and inner medulla.Histologically there are 3 zones in the adrenal cortex .From outward to inward they [...]