Lymphoma is a cancer that occurs in lymphatic system. Lymphoma represents many different cancers of lymphocytes-about 35 different subtypes. It is the sixth most common cancer in adults and the third most common in children Lymphatic system • The lymphatic system is composed mainly of lymphoid tissue, lymph vessels, and lymph. • Lymphoid tissue includes [...]

The lymphomas are commoner than the leukaemias and are increasing incidence of reasons which are unclear. They arise as the result of abnormal proliferation of the lymphoid system, and hence occur at any site where lymphoid tissue is found. Most commonly they are manifest by the development of lymphadenopathy at single multiple sites, although primary [...]

Introduction Warfarin (also known under the brand names Coumadin, Jantoven, Marevan, and Waran) is an anticoagulant. It was initially marketed as a pesticide against rats and mice, and is still popular for this purpose, although more potent poisons such as brodifacoum have since been developed. A few years after its introduction, warfarin was found to [...]

Introduction Human circulatory system contains blood inside the vessels as its circulatory fluid. Therefore blood should be in the fluid formation to achieve the optimal function of circulatory system. But they must be clotted in vessel damage to prevent further bleeding so there are highly regulated clotting & anti clotting mechanism inside the body. If [...]

DEFINITION 1. A condition that was formerly known by the popular name of ‘blood poisoning’is now called ‘septic shock’. This simply means bacterial infection widely disseminated to many areas of the body. With the infection being borne through the blood from one tissue to another and causing extensive damage.1 2. Septic shock is a common [...]

Background Clinicians often use the terms sepsis and septic shock without a commonly understood definition. In 1992, a consensus conference of the American College of Chest Physicians and the Society of Critical Care Medicine published the following definitions of sepsis syndromes to clarify the terminology used to describe the spectrum of disease that results from [...]

INTRODUCTION: Medicine is the science of preventing and curing illness and disease. (1) We, medical students learn medicine in medical colleges under various categories step by step. Because ‘medicine’ is a vast, not stable subject that one can even say it is as big as the ocean. By learning medicine privately our final goal to [...]

SIRS is one of several conditions related to systemic inflammation, organ dysfunction, and organ failure. It is a subset of cytokine storm, in which there is abnormal regulation of various cytokines. SIRS is also closely related to sepsis, in which patients satisfy criteria for SIRS and have a suspected or proven infection. R-01 Criteria for [...]

Introduction The precise a etiology of SIRS is not yet defined, but one likely factor is splanchnic hypoperfusion, resulting in gut ischemia with mucosal permeability and translocation.The subsequent release of inflammatory mediators including cytokines [eg;interleuking-1 TNE] from hepatic kuffer cell and other machrophages or circulating Monocytes initiates a sequence of events culminating acutely in the [...]

Introduction The antidiuretic hormone of humans is arginine vasopressin, a nonapeptide, the gene for which located on chromosome 20.1 Arginine vasopressin is synthesized from a large precursor molecule (a single peptide which contain 145 amino acid) in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, transported in neurosecretory granules to posterior pituitary, median eminence of [...]